Traffic Performance, Fuel Consumption, and Vehicle Emission Analysis of Fixed Time and Adaptive Atsc System (Case Study: Pacific Intersection, Tegal City)

Abstract

Signalized intersections are critical points in urban road networks that impact not only traffic performance, but also fuel consumption and vehicle exhaust emissions. This study examines the Pacific Intersection of Tegal City that serves the North Coast (Pantura) Java traffic using analytical methods based on the Pedoman Kapasitas Jalan Indonesia (PKJI) 2023 and LAPI-ITB Model emission estimates. Three optimization scenarios were tested: Scenario 1 (cycle time optimization with existing phases), Scenario 2 (cycle time optimization with an early green 2-phase system, and without BKiJT), and Scenario 3 (cycle time optimization with an early green 3-phase system, and without BKiJT). The results show that the existing condition has a maximum Degree of Saturation (DS) of 0.90 with a delay of 33.7 seconds/pcu and CO emissions of 12,776.5 grams/hour. Scenario 2 produces the best performance with DS 0.852, delay 31.8 seconds/pcu, and is able to reduce fuel consumption costs by 3.78% and reduce CO emissions by 4.26% compared to existing conditions. The development of Scenario 2 using adaptive cycle time compared to fixed cycle time successfully reduces delays to level of service C in most of the observation period and saves fuel costs by Rp 204.478,- or 15.2% and reduces CO emissions by 6421.53 grams/l or 15.48% during peak and off-peak hours. This study proves that the APILL phase arrangement with an adaptive approach provides optimal solutions both technically and environmentally in accordance with the principles of engineering K3L.